", "Characterization of Radar Cross Section of Carbon Fiber Composite Materials", "Lockheed-Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Analysis 2002. The term is used for those aircraft designs bridging the gap between the developments of the 1960s and 1970s and those appearing today under the Fifth Generation Fighter classification. Sophisticated automation and human interfaces could greatly reduce crew workload. It also led to the development of new automatic-fire weapons, primarily chain-guns that use an electric motor to drive the mechanism of a cannon; this allowed a single multi-barrel weapon (such as the 20mm Vulcan) to be carried and provided greater rates of fire and accuracy. But when the F-4 confronted the lighter-weight MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighters of the North Vietnamese air force in 1965, the Phantom suffered. The F-4 saw extensive use in Israeli service, scoring 116 air-to-air kills against the Egyptian and Syrian air forces, starting in 1969 during the War of Attrition. Third gen fighters were also designed to host an equally wide range of weapons, from air-to-air missiles, to air-to-surface missiles and laser guided bombs (LGBs). SAMs accounted for most of the 36 Israeli Phantoms lost in action. "Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft - Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft." This arrived in the form of the American 'Century Series' fighters encompassing speed-minded developments such as the F-100 'Super Sabre', F-102 'Delta Dagger', and F-105 'Thunderchief' in the West and the MiG-19 'Farmer' and MiG-21 'Fishbed' in the East. 4th Generation Fighter Aircraft - Military Factory China's new multi-role fighter jet J-10C began combat duty Monday, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) air force announced. The real-life Top Gun pilots soar through the skies in F-35 fighter jets. [10][11] It has been suggested that Lockheed Martin "labeled the F-35 a 'fifth-generation' fighter in 2005, a term it borrowed from Russia in 2004 to describe the F-22", or that the postCold War era, low-cost approach of the Saab Gripen should qualify it as a sixth generation jet. An F-35 pilot breaks down each fighter generation - Sandboxx Such capabilities may include advanced sensor integration, AESA radar, supercruise capability, supermaneuverability, broad multi-role capability, and reduced radar cross-section.[20]. In the Korean War, the U.S. Air Force had shot down between six and 10 enemy fighters for every one of its aircraft lost in air-to-air combat. ", "Does China's J-20 rival other stealth fighters? Also From TNI: Donald Trump: Best President Ever? But the Phantoms record in air-to-air combat over Vietnamespecially when compared to its successor, the F-15 Eagle, which has never been shot down in air-to-air combathas left it with a reputation of being a clumsy bruiser reliant on brute engine power and obsolete weapons technology. One of the innovations on fourth-generation jet fighters is FBW, while generation 4.5 introduced AESA radar. Generation 1: Jet propulsion Generation 2: Swept wings; range-only radar; infrared missiles Generation 3: Supersonic speed; pulse radar; able to shoot at targets beyond visual range.. However, the Phantoms proliferated around the world. For example, Lockheed Martin has applied the term "fifth generation" to its F-22 and F-35 aircraft, but this has been challenged by its competitors Eurofighter GmbH and Boeing IDS. 10/10 Shenyang J-8B Finback (Mach 1.8) China's first home-produced supersonic fighter? The primary sensor for all modern fighters is radar. The F-4s primary problem was that it had no built-in cannon. So they began searching for another way to power their aircraft: jet propulsion. More . The F-4E model finally came with an internal M161 Vulcan cannon. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The F-5N/Fs are third-generation F-5 fighter aircraft designed for replacement of the F-5A/B/E production models. Taylor and Guilmartin name four; subsonic, transonic, supersonic and Mach 2, and add a fifth "new" generation with multimission capability and culminating in types such as the F-16 and MiG-29. These aircraft placed an emphasis on a multi-role capability. The Israeli Phantoms primary targetand most deadly foeduring these campaigns were Arab surface-to-air missile batteries. By mid-WWII, both Allied and Axis engineers had built working jet engines and the aircraft theyd power. In one engagement on the first day of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, 28 Egyptian MiGs attacked Ofir Air Base. The F-4s primary problem was that it had no built-in cannon. Supercruise 2 SRAAM 6 MRAAM", "Le radar RBE2, l'arme fatale du Rafale l'export", "Type Acceptance for Block 5 Standard Eurofighter Typhoon. WWII-style manual guns werent particularly effective at the speeds most first gen fighters flew at, necessitating the need for much faster air-to-air missiles. Third generation jet fighters (early 1960s to 1970) This generation witnessed improvements in manoeuvrability, and significant enhancements to the avionic suites and weapon systems. Just compare it to F-15 Eagle. Today, fighter jets are the backbone of the worlds air forces. [24] The IAI Lavi used an S-duct air intake to prevent radar waves from reflecting off the engine compressor blades, an important aspect of fifth-generation fighter aircraft to reduce frontal RCS. The Israelis pioneered the art of Phantom upgrades in the 1980s with the Phantom 2000 Kurnass, or Sledgehammer. Though retired from Israeli service in 2004, Israeli firms went on to upgrade Greeces 41 Peace Icarus Phantoms, equipping them with ANPG-65 pulse-Doppler radars and the ability to fire AMRAAM missiles. Germany flew upgraded F-4Fs until 2013, and maintains them in stock in case of future need. Eventually, the Air Force upgraded all of its F-4Es with wing-slats that significantly improved maneuverability at a slight cost in speed. The top 10 best fighter jets in the world 2023 - Aeroclass.org These aging aircraft will be replaced by low-houred F-5N/F acquired from the Swiss Air Force surplus by United States Navy (USN). (Recommended: 5 Greatest Fighter Planes of All-Time). In 1972, an F-4 piloted by Maj. Phil Handley shot down a MiG-19 with his planes gunthe only recorded aerial gun kill performed at supersonic speed. More. For the most part, this was done independently by aircraft manufacturers on an ad hoc (and rather limited) basis. The Korean War of 1950-1953 forced a major rethink. Weighing in at 30,000 pounds unloaded, its enormous J79 twin engines gave (and still gives) the aircraft excellent thrust, propelling the heavy airframe over twice the speed of sound at a maximum speed of 1,473 miles per hour. In some respects, yes, if you discount the fact the J-8 stemmed from a modernization of the MiG-21F. Maintaining supersonic speed without afterburner use saves large quantities of fuel, greatly increasing range and endurance, but the engine power available is limited and drag rises sharply in the transonic region, so drag-creating equipment such as external stores and their attachment points must be minimised, preferably with the use of internal storage. Copyright 2023 Center for the National Interest All Rights Reserved. A number of new 4.5 generation types are being developed in the 2020s, post the emergence of the true 5th generation and contemporaneous with 6th generation aircraft development, these include the HAL Tejas MK 1A, CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder Block 3, and KAI KF-21 Boramae.[23][13][9]. These are a few of the preferred methods employed in some fifth-generation fighters to reduce RCS.[25][26]. SAMs accounted for most of the 36 Israeli Phantoms lost in action. Navy pilots went on to score a superior kill ratio over Vietnam of 40 victories for seven planes lost in air-to-air combat. The Russian MiG-31 interceptor also has some datalink capability. Due to the dramatic enhancement of capabilities in these upgraded fighters and in new designs of the 1990s that reflected these new capabilities, they have come to be known as 4.5generation. Such a 4th generation aircraft requires a computerised FBW flight control system (FLCS) to maintain its desired flight path.[10]. The edge aside from having a more reliable powerplant first generation fighters had over their piston counterparts was their speed. The supremacy of the fourth-generation was confirmed again in the Gulf War, in which Iraqi fighters shot down only one fourth-generation fighter (an F/A-18 Hornet) for the loss of 33 of their third-generation aircraft. The General Dynamics YF-16, eventually developed into the F-16 Fighting Falcon, was the world's first aircraft intentionally designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable. Fifth-generation abilities for battlefield survivability, air superiority and ground support are being enhanced and adapted to the future threat environment. Interceptor types emerging after the war used after-burning engines to give Mach 2 performance, while radar and infrared homing missiles greatly improved their accuracy and firepower. First shown in 1960, the J-8 appeared in various forms over two decades, with the J-8B taking to the . Third-generation jet fighter | Military Wiki | Fandom This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 14:46. 3rd generation fighter jet are mainly developed between 1960s to 1970s.. For the next-generation F-22 and F-35, the U.S. will use low probability of intercept capacity. Supercruise is the ability of a jet aircraft to cruise at supersonic speeds without using an afterburner. Indeed, the notion of a generation fighter isnt even that old: it was coined in the 1990s and is generally associated with the US aviation industry by the international community as a whole. Guns proved unsuitable at such high speeds, while the need for multirole capability in battlefield support was rediscovered. The Eurofighter Typhoon introduced the PIRATE-IRST, which was also retrofitted to earlier production models. The F-4 saw extensive use in Israeli service, scoring 116 air-to-air kills against the Egyptian and Syrian air forces, starting in 1969 during the War of Attrition. ", "Air Force Looks at the Benefits of Using CPCs on F-16 Black Boxes. As advances in stealthy materials and design methods enabled smoother airframes, such technologies began to be retrospectively applied to existing fighter aircraft. New J79 engines even dealt with the problem of the F-4s visible black smoke. [1][13], The rest of this article broadly follows the analysis of Baker.[1]. In some cases, such as the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-35 developed from the MiG-29 with fifth-generation avionics, the upgrade has been classed as fully fifth generation. Air-to-air missile technology dramatically improved with later versions of the Sparrow and Sidewinder. An RF-4 reconnaissance plane was shot down over Syria in 2012, and three F-4s crashed in 2015earning them the appellation Flying Coffins in the Turkish media. fifth gen fighters include the F-35 Lightning, Sukhoi Su-57, Shenyang FC-31, F-22 Raptor and Chengdu J-20. These modernized Phantoms flown by the Turkish and Greek air forces can do pretty much what an F-15 can do at a much lower price. Infrared-homing AAMs saw their fields of view expand to 45, which strengthened their tactical usability. Five Generations of Jets | fighterworld Five generations are now commonly recognized, with the fifth representing the latest generation in service (as of 2012). Its a heavy, twin-engine, two-seat fighterand an agile dogfighter. (The Me 262 had a lightly swept wing, but this was done principally to achieve balance, and the sweep was deliberately kept too little to have a significant aerodynamic effect. When the F-15 and the lighter F-16 saw their first major air action over Lebanon in 1982, they shot down more than 80 Syrian third-generation MiGs at no loss. While the DAPA calls the KF-21 a 4.5-generation fighter jet because it lacks, for instance, an internal weapons bay that increases stealthiness, analysts say it may be able to fly higher and . This era also saw an expansion in ground-attack capabilities, principally in guided missiles, and witnessed the introduction of the first truly effective avionics for enhanced ground attack, including terrain-avoidance systems. 3rd Generation Jet Fighter || Evolution of fighter jet - YouTube 3 - 1960-1970 - Third Generation fighter aircraft exhibit more advanced avionics, engines, and weapons. J-7s, copies of the Soviet MiG-21, were . Among the most famous fourth gen fighters are the Saab Viggen, F-16, Panavia Tornado, Su-27 and Harrier II. and integrated engines. In December 1970, Northrop Grumman began development and production on the F-5A-21, an aircraft design that emphasized maneuverability rather than high speed and was officially reclassified as the F-5E. Baker 2018, Chapter 1: Genesis of the Generations. ", "HAL Tejas, the strongest fighter plane of its generation, developed indigenously by India. Instead, it relied entirely on newly-introduced air-to-air missilesthe radar-guided AIM-7 Sparrow, the heat-seeking AIM-9 Sidewinder and the older AIM-4 Falcon. The Phantom is approaching the capabilities of fourth-generation fighters. 11ff. The Falcon missiles were even worse, and the Pentagon later withdrew them from service. Growth in air combat capability focused on the introduction of improved air-to-air missiles, radar systems, and other avionics. Military aviation is no different. Many 4.5 generation fighters incorporate some low-observable features. Meanwhile, the growing costs of military aircraft in general and the demonstrated success of aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom II gave rise to the popularity of multirole combat aircraft in parallel with the advances marking the so-called fourth generation. Jet fighter generations | Military Wiki | Fandom Hoh, Roger H. and David G. Mitchell. All written content, illustrations, and photography are unique to this website (unless where indicated) and not for reuse/reproduction in any form. Check 'third-generation jet fighter' translations into Hebrew. On the other hand, the rules-of-engagement over Vietnam prohibited U.S. pilots from shooting at unidentified targets beyond visual range, further crippling the advantages of the missiles. Despite a design dating back to the early 1960s, the J-8 is a capable third gen fighter. The concept of a third generation fighter is perhaps best exemplified by the F-4 Phantom, an aircraft synonymous with the Vietnam War. How could the F-4 possibly keep up in this new environment? This aircraft carries AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles on wingtip launchers. The exact criteria for the various generation steps are not universally agreed on and are subject to some controversy. The third generation was a continuation in researches of advanced avionics, aerodynamics performance and air guided missiles. Later on, it was introduced to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the block 60 (export) F-16 also, and will be used for future American fighters. (Recommended: How to Win a War with China). In the Korean War, the U.S. Air Force had shot down between six and 10 enemy fighters for every one of its aircraft lost in air-to-air combat. The North Vietnamese MiGs, equipped with both cannons and missiles (on the MiG-21), would outmaneuver the heavier F-4, which for all its speed, was not especially agile. Recognizing the increased obsolescence of fourth generation fighters, but also the lack of funding for new fighters nearing and following the end of the Cold War, aircraft manufacturers began developing what are sometimes called 4.5 generation fighters. T-50 PAK-FA (T-50-4) the prototype of the fifth generation fighter Su-57. "Air Force Fighter Acquisition since 1945", "Five Generations of Jet Fighter Aircraft", "War heats up between Lockheed Martin and Boeing in bid to replace jets", "Is Saab's New Gripen The Future Of Fighters? List of fighter aircraft - Wikipedia The table below shows how some authors have divided up the generations. In practice, air-to-air missiles of the time, despite being responsible for the vast majority of air-to-air victories, were relatively unreliable, and combat would quickly become subsonic and close-range. Fourth-generation fighter - Wikipedia To do this, brand new turbofan engines were installed on third gen fighters, which were more fuel efficient than the turbojets used up until then, thus extending range. 3rd Generation Jet Fighters Quiz - PurposeGames.com There is a printable worksheet available for download here so you can take the quiz with pen and paper. Israeli upgrades contributed to the Turkish air forces Terminator 2020, which has additional wing strakes for improved maneuverability. To improve accuracy of these, second generation fighters were fitted with rudimentary avionics, including a supersonic radar. Beginning in the mid-1960s, third gen fighters were installed with externally mounted targeting pods for precision-guided munitions (PGMs) further increasing their effectiveness as fighter-bombers particularly. However, the F-4s problems began to recede. The last American F-4s would see action during Operation Desert Storm, before being retired in 1996. The only other frontline fighter to serve in all three services before or since is the F-35. The McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom was designed around radar and missiles as an all-weather interceptor, but emerged as a versatile strike bomber nimble enough to prevail in air combat, adopted by the U.S. Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. The Pakistani/Chinese JF-17 (block-3 variant) and China's Chengdu J-10B/C use a diverterless supersonic inlet, while India's HAL Tejas uses The Israelis pioneered the art of Phantom upgrades in the 1980s with the Phantom 2000 Kurnass, or Sledgehammer. Though retired from Israeli service in 2004, Israeli firms went on to upgrade Greeces 41 Peace Icarus Phantoms, equipping them with ANPG-65 pulse-Doppler radars and the ability to fire AMRAAM missiles. Late to the party, the J-8B was a third gen fighter while the competition had moved on. These partial upgrades to 5th generation capability have led some commentators to identify intermediate generations as 4.5 or 4+ and 4++. Second-generation jet fighter | Military Wiki | Fandom [21][22] The Super Hornet was also fitted with IRST [23] although not integrated but rather as a pod that needs to attached on one of the hardpoints. A few famous (or should I say infamous?) Aside from being powered by a jet powerplant, rather than a piston one, these first generation fighters were little different to their contemporaries, featuring minor sweep or unswept wings, manually controlled guns and little in the way of modern avionics. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. in the horizontal plane) and can be deflected 15 in the vertical plane. Easyby integrating the same modern hardware used in the fourth generation. Using this method, German MiG-29 using helmet-displayed IRST systems were able to acquire a missile lock with greater efficiency than USAF F-16 in wargame exercises. These aircraft were typically aimed at the air-superiority interceptor role. A squadron of Chinese J-7 fighter jets in 1999. The F-5N is a single seat, twin-engine, tactical fighter and attack aircraft providing simulated air-to-air combat training manufactured by Northrop Grumman Corporation. Such a fighterand its pilotwould need to be able to loiter for long periods, hold its own in combat, maintain battlefield awareness and seamlessly switch roles as the situation developed. Third generation (1960s) [ edit] The Hawker Siddeley Harrier was the first operational attack aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities. Though most were originally designed expressly as fighters, many air forces used them in multirole capacities, particularly as fighter-bombers, interceptors and night fighters (by virtue of their advanced onboard radars). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Baker 2018, Chapter 3: Generation Rising. [citation needed]) They had little or no avionics, with their primary armament being manually-controlled guns. While exceptionally fast in a straight line, many third-generation fighters severely lacked in manoeuvrability, as doctrine held that traditional dogfighting would be impossible at supersonic speeds. Date Deployed: F-5N First flight: March 2003; F-5F First Flight: September 1974. [+] China's new multi-role fighter jet J-10C began combat duty Monday, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) air force announced. Yet whilst the war in Vietnam made the F-4 a household name on both sides of the Iron Curtain, it also revealed the fundamental flaws in third generation aircraft technology just as the Korean War had done for first generation fighters a decade earlier. We do not sell any of the items showcased on this site. This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 15:03 (UTC). An unstable aircraft can therefore be made more maneuverable. Specification of different generation fighter jets. - Medium They were also the first cadre of multi-role fighters such as the MiG-23, F-4, and Mirage III. On the other hand, the rules-of-engagement over Vietnam prohibited U.S. pilots from shooting at unidentified targets beyond visual range, further crippling the advantages of the missiles. The third- generation jet fighter was the class of fighters developed between the early 1960s to the 1970s. From the quiz author. Salomon has been interested in aviation ever since his parents took him on a Boeing 720 to see his relatives. A computing feature of significant tactical importance is the datalink. The "Military Factory" name and MilitaryFactory.com logo are registered U.S. trademarks protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws. Shenyang J-8B Finback (Mach 1.8) China's first home-produced supersonic fighter? Full-span leading-edge flaps work in conjunction with trailing-edge flaps and are operated by a control on the pilot's throttle quadrant. 3rd Generation Fighter Aircraft - Military Factory The Pentagon later converted some into QF-4 target practice drones. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Air combat manoeuvring also involves a great deal of energy management to maintain speed and altitude under rapidly changing flight conditions. Furthermore, the F-4 came in both ground- and carrier-based models and served in the U.S. Air Force, Navy and Marines. South Korea still has 71 F-4Es (only modestly upgraded) in its 17th Fighter Wing. The concept of a third generation fighter is perhaps best exemplified by the F-4 Phantom, an aircraft synonymous with the Vietnam War. In reality that's exactly what Lockheed delivered. Alternatively, 4.5 generation fighters are also called 4+ generation fighters. Subsequent types include the Lockheed Martin F-35, Chengdu J-20,[24] and Sukhoi Su-57. Almost all avionics on these aircraft are digital, with the aircraft being programmed through millions of lines of code. The Navy, in contrast, perceived the problem as being a lack of Air Combat Maneuvering training, and instituted the Top Gun training program in 1968. The F-5F is a dual-seat version, twin-engine, tactical fighter commonly used for training and adversary combat tactics. Key point:The F-4 served for a long time and even now serve as target practice drones. The huge advance of digital computation and mobile networking, which began in the 1990s, led to a new model of sophisticated forward C3 (command, control and communications) presence above the battlefield. McDonnell Douglas F-15E/EX Strike Eagle/Eagle II, "CRS RL33543: Tactical Aircraft Modernization", "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)", "Russia to Upgrade Su-30SM Fighter Jets in 2018", "A Liability Called Rafale | Point of View", "Is Japan Facing a Shortage of Fighter Aircraft? However, they can be separated into one of five different categories, known as generations based on their age, tactical configuration and the technology found onboard. As combat aircraft are essentially weapons platforms, these capabilities mean that the F-4s can handle most of the same offensive tasks a fourth-generation F-15 or Su-27 fighter can do. In Vietnam, the ratio was closer to two to one (including other aircraft types besides the Phantom). Its a heavy, twin-engine, two-seat fighterand an agile dogfighter. The third generation witnessed continued maturation of second-generation innovations, but it is most marked by renewed emphases on manoeuvrability and traditional ground-attack capabilities. 10 Fastest Third-Gen Fighter Jets, Ranked [18], Following the mixed successes of the multirole generation, advanced technologies were being developed, such as fly-by-wire, composite materials, thrust-to-weight ratios greater than unity, hypermaneuverability, advanced digital avionics and sensors such as synthetic radar and infrared search-and-track, and stealth. The aircraft began development in the 1980s and entered active service in 2005, with the prototype unveiled in 1989. These measure IR radiation from targets. The requirements for such a fighter remain under debate. A number of technologies would be tried for Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing, but thrust vectoring would be successful on the Harrier jump jet. Modern F-4s can also fire the full range of modern ordnance such as the advanced AIM-120C AMRAAM air-to-air missile with a range of 65 miles, precision-guided munitions such as the AGM-65 Maverick, and late model Sparrow and Sidewinder missiles. These formed the backbone of the Iranian fighter force during the nine-year-long war with Iraq. Many of these fighters incorporate elements of stealth technology and modern avionics, albeit not to the extent of fifth generation fighters. The Phase Depot Maintenance (PDM) required modifications to USN configuration provides a safer, lower-flight time Adversary aircraft with increased capability for Department of Navy (DoN) pilots. The F-5 also has anti-skid brakes, Initial Navigation System (INS), ALR-87 Radar Warning Receivers (RWR), AN/APQ-159 radar and ALE-40 chaff/flare capability. Furthermore, the Phantoms J79 engines produced thick black smoke, which combined with the aircrafts larger size, made it easier to spot and target from a distance. McDonnell Douglas F-4G Phantom II Contents 1 Development 2 Electronics 3 Weapons 4 Specialization 5 Aircraft 5.1 Canceled Aircraft 6 References Development For the purposes of this article, we will be using the most widely used and accepted consensus regarding which aircraft are in which generation and the notion of five generations over four. Not really. Other famous third generation fighters include the Dassault Mirage F1, Hawker Siddeley Harrier, and MiG-23. More than 5,000 of these heavy supersonic fighters were built, and hundreds continue to serve and even see combat in several air forces today. The United States defines 4.5-generation fighter aircraft as fourth-generation jet fighters that have been upgraded with AESA radar, high-capacity data-link, enhanced avionics, and "the ability to deploy current and reasonably foreseeable advanced armaments". They may be integrated with sixth-generation fighter avionics, either as satellite aircraft under a sixth-generation command fighter or even replacing the pilot in an autonomous or semi-autonomous command aircraft. These are the fastest third-generation jet fighters. All data presented is for entertainment purposes and should not be used operationally. The next generation of fighters were designed from the start to be multi-role. In some respects, yes, if you discount the fact the J-8 stemmed from a modernization of the MiG-21F. Third generation jet fighter Stock Photos and Images With only a few exceptions, most first gen fighters were considerably faster than the pistons they replaced. Some designers resorted to variable geometry or vectored thrust in an attempt to reconcile these opposites. But when the F-4 confronted the lighter-weight MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighters of the North Vietnamese air force in 1965, the Phantom suffered. Iran received 225 F-4s from the United States prior to the Iranian Revolution. In 2004, Aerospaceweb listed one such division into five generations. As a passive sensor, it has limited range, and contains no inherent data about position and direction of targetsthese must be inferred from the images captured. But its somewhat of an anomaly. The American Century series such as the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, as well as the Russian MiG-21, English Electric Lightning and French Dassault Mirage III were typical of this era. 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